The Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary Theory - 550 Words

The Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary Theory (Essay Sample) Content: Student NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseDateThe Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary TheoryIn his understanding of neoliberalism, Harvey explains that governments should have minimal intervention in the market economy if human well-being is to be advanced significantly (2). Consequently, he highlights that in neo-liberalism approach, after instituting frameworks that can almost guarantee free entrepreneurial freedoms and skills characterized by free trade and free market, the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mediation in the market should be at the lowest point ever (2). While well put, neoliberal monetary theory has its risk that its enthusiasts should deliberate.Different scholars and institutions offer varied meaning of neo-liberalism monetary theory. There is, however, a general consensus of minimal state control in the monetary policies, and this has not always been true. There is a tendency by a state or government to reserve itself the right to arbitrate in the market. It doe s so mostly through monetary policies and anti-trust legislations, besides other avenues, with an aim to achieve price stability and ultimately preserve the market economy (Thorsen Lie 10). And there lies in one of the dangers of neo-liberal monetary theory. While the main point in neoliberal thought is minimal government control, and as Harvey points out, their duty is to set institutional framework to make the theory work, the question is whether this does work. It could be argued out that in an ideal environment where the theory can be implemented, more than minimal state intervention should be expected. Frankly, a critical evaluation could un-cover fluctuating levels of state control beyond the set limits. As result, neo-liberal monetary theory would be branded a failure whose ultimate is absolute instability in the market.Harvey argues that the government intervention would not be for the interest of all parties involved as they usually will lack correct information and often will be misled by powerful groups to do their bidding (2). Besides, regardless of where the policies come from, both the victims and the beneficiaries will always lobby to alleviate loses or increase their benefits. Knowing that governments are not in whole run by noble administrators but a majority of individuals who, despite their competence or lack thereof, have competing interests, many neoliberal economists could question the integrity of their models to work. In every government, there usually is a misunderstanding between the state departments in regard to the money allocated to them for their programs. While the ministry of finance is entrusted to act in the interest of the public, occasionally it does not. In essence, it is difficult to trust the state.Another danger of neo-liberal monetary theory is that it leans too much strongly to laissez-faire economic policies and the laissez-faire failures could be inherent upon its utility. Many proponents of laissez-faire hold th at government interventions for instance in price controls, have most times being inefficient. Opponents on the other hand point out that more of a government regulation is critical to stability in unstable market and they illustrate the textbook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market failuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ to their being lack of state control. Borrowing from this idea, it is jus... The Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary Theory - 550 Words The Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary Theory (Essay Sample) Content: Student NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseDateThe Dangers of Neoliberal Monetary TheoryIn his understanding of neoliberalism, Harvey explains that governments should have minimal intervention in the market economy if human well-being is to be advanced significantly (2). Consequently, he highlights that in neo-liberalism approach, after instituting frameworks that can almost guarantee free entrepreneurial freedoms and skills characterized by free trade and free market, the stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s mediation in the market should be at the lowest point ever (2). While well put, neoliberal monetary theory has its risk that its enthusiasts should deliberate.Different scholars and institutions offer varied meaning of neo-liberalism monetary theory. There is, however, a general consensus of minimal state control in the monetary policies, and this has not always been true. There is a tendency by a state or government to reserve itself the right to arbitrate in the market. It doe s so mostly through monetary policies and anti-trust legislations, besides other avenues, with an aim to achieve price stability and ultimately preserve the market economy (Thorsen Lie 10). And there lies in one of the dangers of neo-liberal monetary theory. While the main point in neoliberal thought is minimal government control, and as Harvey points out, their duty is to set institutional framework to make the theory work, the question is whether this does work. It could be argued out that in an ideal environment where the theory can be implemented, more than minimal state intervention should be expected. Frankly, a critical evaluation could un-cover fluctuating levels of state control beyond the set limits. As result, neo-liberal monetary theory would be branded a failure whose ultimate is absolute instability in the market.Harvey argues that the government intervention would not be for the interest of all parties involved as they usually will lack correct information and often will be misled by powerful groups to do their bidding (2). Besides, regardless of where the policies come from, both the victims and the beneficiaries will always lobby to alleviate loses or increase their benefits. Knowing that governments are not in whole run by noble administrators but a majority of individuals who, despite their competence or lack thereof, have competing interests, many neoliberal economists could question the integrity of their models to work. In every government, there usually is a misunderstanding between the state departments in regard to the money allocated to them for their programs. While the ministry of finance is entrusted to act in the interest of the public, occasionally it does not. In essence, it is difficult to trust the state.Another danger of neo-liberal monetary theory is that it leans too much strongly to laissez-faire economic policies and the laissez-faire failures could be inherent upon its utility. Many proponents of laissez-faire hold th at government interventions for instance in price controls, have most times being inefficient. Opponents on the other hand point out that more of a government regulation is critical to stability in unstable market and they illustrate the textbook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"market failuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ to their being lack of state control. Borrowing from this idea, it is jus...

The Effects Of Plague On The People Of Florence - 938 Words

The Bubonic Plague took the lives of many individuals in the heart of Florence. Its reign affected â€Å"not just that of men and women†¦but even sentient animals† (Stefani). While the plague only lasted a mere six months, from March 1348 – September 1348, it is a piece of time that society should forever acknowledge and learn from. Much of the significant information from the Bubonic plague are unbeknownst to people today, even though it possesses such an importance aspect in our history. Therefore, in this essay, I will discuss the effects the plague had on the people of Florence, and how the appearance of this plague brought about short and long term historical change what we see today. There were two types of effects that impacted the people of Florence; physical and mental. Physically, the plague’s effects would more often than not begin â€Å"with swellings in the groin and armpit† (Boccaccio). The swelling was reported to range in various diffe rent sizes, and was given a more local term known as, â€Å"gavaccioli† (Baccaccio). Sighting of a gavaccioli naturally meant that the plague had begun to spread to every part of an individual’s body, and meant that death was imminent. Other symptoms associated with the plague are â€Å"sudden fever; spitting blood and saliva† (Stefani), and anyone who got to the point of spitting blood rarely ever survived. The sickness physically effected majority of civilization in Florence and resulted in vast amounts of death throughout. While the plagueShow MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Century1184 Words   |  5 PagesGiovanni Boccaccio was a writer from Italy that wrote during the destruction of Florence caused by the plague during the 1340s. His accounts show the multiple horrendous sights he experienced that were not only occurring in Florence, but all across Europe. From his novel, Boccaccio is able to illustrate why the plague caused a large amount of civil unres t and chaos among society. The details from his account allows a first person perspective for anyone trying to place themselves 600 years backRead MoreEurope and the Black Death Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pagesdisaster. Historians estimated that this unidentifiable disease killed â€Å"more than 20 million people in Europe–almost one-third of the continent’s population,† by the 1350’s (Black Death). Now in today’s society scientists classify the unidentifiable disease as the bubonic plague, also referred to as the Black Death. During fourteenth century European-society, there was no logical medical knowledge; instead, people resorted to supplementary explanations, such as God punishing misbehaving religious groupsRead MoreThe Black Death And The Bubonic Plague892 Words   |  4 PagesDeath or the bubonic plague was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1346–53. The black death first appeared in Europe in 1347 in Sicily, the disease was most likely brought to Europe on a ship that had been trading on the black sea. The black plague was carried by flea-infested rodents and spread rapidly. Almost half of Europe was killed by the bubonic plague. So much death couldRead More The Black Death Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pages A plague is a bacterial infection that can take on more than one form. One of the greatest plagues that have stricken mankind throughout history was the Black Death. The Black Death was the outbreak of the bubonic plague that struck Europe and the Mediterranean area between 1347 and 1351. This plague was the most severe plague that hit the earth because of its origin (the spread), the symptoms, and the effects of the plague. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Scientists and historians are still unsureRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Black Death1010 Words   |  5 Pages The Black Death was a catastrophic plague that struck Europe in the mid 14th century. This plague killed between 30 and 50% of the population in the places it struck leading many to believe this had been a punishment from God. The drop in population caused by the black death left excess wealth which would lead to changes in the social hierarchy and European society in general. The black death caused a severe drop in population and devastated the land leaving excess wealth for thoseRead MoreThe Impacts of Boccaccios Writing Style on the Tone of Decameron1609 Words   |  6 Pagesof the book itself - the Black Plague, which ravaged Europe around the time of the books setting and publication - plays a somber but vital role in this important work. The importance of the plague to the story is no less evident than in the introduction, which demonstrates the awesome power of the sickness. Boccaccios account of the plague during the time it hit Florence is often compared to real accounts and additional sources of information about the Black Plague, but it is often left wantingRead MoreThe Decameron Was A Collection Of Bawdy And Serious Tales Written By Boccaccio959 Words   |  4 Pageslikely born in Florence or Certaldo and was the illegitimate son of a wealthy Florentine merchant, Bocacino di Chellino. As a youth he was trained to follow in his father s business but he eventually chose instead to study canon law and subsequently pursued the arts. It is a combination of Greek words for ten and day. According to Frankforter, the Decameron is a fictive record of a hundred stories that ten Florentine men and women told to entertain themselves while they hid from the plague in the comfortRead MoreThe Artistic Developments Of The Early Renaissance Period2091 Words   |  9 PagesTo what extent were the artistic developments of the early Renaissance period reflective of the cultural changes brought about by the Black Death. It is without a doubt the Black plague that spread throughout Europe from 1348 had large scale social and economic effects, the catastrophic horrors and disbelief that individuals lived and died through interrupted and disordered existing customary traditions. Synchronously the rise from the Medieval ages to the early Renaissance art period was witnessRead MoreThe Decameron Was A Collection Of Bawdy And Serious Tales Written By Boccaccio1006 Words   |  5 Pageslikely born in Florence or Certaldo and was the illegitimate son of a wealthy Florentine merchant, Bocacino di Chellino. As a youth he was trained to follow in his father s business but he eventually chose instead to study canon law and subsequently pursued the arts. It is a combination of Greek words for ten and day. According to Frankforter, the Decameron is a fictive record of a hundred stories that ten Florentine men and women told to entertain themselves while they hid from the plague in the comfortRead MoreThe Black Death And Its Effects On Society843 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the deadliest infectious diseases in history. This fatal and rapidly spreading disease horrified people of its time. The disastrous natural catastrophe was only compounded with other setbacks in fourteenth century Europe. Those set backs include, warfare, religious turmoil and peasant unrest. Also known as the bubonic plague, it struck Europe in 1347 and killed close to 50 million people. This constituted as half of their population, killing entire families and destroying tribes and villages

Case Study Company Management For Managing The Current...

This paper is about a well-known pharmaceutical i.e. XYZ company where various division which have been deployed and designed to manufacture various pharmaceutical drugs through a proper and effective research of the related drugs. Here, we have been introducing a framework for the company for managing the current situation of business where company’s top management want a vigorous growth in total sales and the creation of shareholder values because they know the current situation of global pharmaceutical industry; have been continuously increasing the competitive environment, require to have a constant stream of products need to be produce as well as must have to ensure the products quality, it should be maintained in order to arrive in the range of best quality products that’s why Company is introducing a new venture to unite the decision-making of the board and require involvement of the top management team, key middle managers, quality assurance team and board members, â€Å"Management for health services delivery†. A major project of the company, available in its therapeutic areas where a quantitative amount of research is essential to achieve this objective for the company and a wide range of therapeutic areas are already available in its research centers which are situated around the world though for few, they are working but all need to be frame this project’s management goal i.e. quality assurance of the products which are highly required and important to clients orShow MoreRelatedEli Lilly and Company Case Analysis Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesEli Lilly and Company Case Analysis The case under analysis, Eli Lilly Company, will be covering the positives and negatives with regards to the business situation and strategy of Eli Lilly. One of the major pharmaceutical and health care companies in its industry, Lilly focused its efforts on the areas of drug research, development, and marketed to the following areas: neuroscience, endocrinology, oncology, cardiovascular disease, and womens health. Having made a strong comeback in theRead MoreHow Different Are Branding Strategies in the Pharmaceutical Industry Versus Fast Moving Consumer Goods?7338 Words   |  30 PagesBRANDING STRATEGIES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY VERSUS FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS? Abstract The objective of this paper is to analyse the branding strategies used currently in the pharmaceutical industry and compare it to the best practices in Fast Moving Consumer goods. First the authors review the differences in the way branding is defined and organised in pharmaceuticals versus FMCG and identify why branding could be leveraged in the pharmaceutical industry to help it return to strongRead MoreProblems Facing the Pharmaceutical Industry and Approaches to Ensure Long Term Viability14741 Words   |  59 PagesUniversity of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Master of Science in Organizational Dynamics Theses 5-4-2010 Organizational Dynamics Programs Problems Facing the Pharmaceutical Industry and Approaches to Ensure Long Term Viability Donald A. Baines University of Pennsylvania, djtz00@aol.com Submitted to the Program of Organizational Dynamics in the Graduate division of the School of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the OrganizationalRead MoreGlobal Pharmaceutical Industry-Overview and Succes4454 Words   |  18 PagesGLOBAL P HARMACEUTICAL I NDUSTRY : O VERVIEW S UCCESS F ACTORS A closer look at the factors affecting growth and development ProText Knowledge Services Global Pharmaceutical Market: Overview 1. Indust ry Overview The pharmaceutical industry of the world develops and markets medicines prescribed for patients by medical practitioners. The U.S., U.K and European pharmaceutical companies are the major ones of the industry. The total number of major pharmaceutical companies (annual revenuesRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 PagesCSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY AN ANALYSIS OF THE WEBSITES OF THREE PHARMACEUTICAL WHOLESALERS MASTER THESIS Author: Josà © Javier Levrino (JL82847) Supervisor: Anne Ellerup Nielsen MA in Corporate Communication Ã…rhus, Denmark. August 2010 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © Javier Levrino Table of contents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Delimitation 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Scientific paradigm: hermeneuticsRead MoreFinance3312 Words   |  14 PagesImpact of Inventory management on the profitability of Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. 1. Introduction: Inventory is one of the factors that can control to improve business profitability. The way source and manage inventory can impact the different profit levels of income statement. 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Sale of all types of medicines in the country is expected toRead MoreProposal For Leadership And Management Development Programme2541 Words   |  11 PagesLeadership and Management Development Programme Background In the contemporary era of complex and fast changing world, very few managers are able to manage the volatile, complex and ambiguous employees. As quoted by Bass and Vaugen (1976),† the learning and development experience can bring a permanent change in behaviour, which can prove to be beneficial for the managers†. This leadership and management development programme is vital in the current expansion of this pharmaceutical organisation toRead MoreAlliance Management At Eli Lilly Lesson Essay8924 Words   |  36 Pagesï » ¿Alliance Management at Eli Lilly: Lessons on How Alliance Capability Contributes to Sustainable Advantage Luvison, Dave, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship Executive  Summary Alliances  have  long  been  an  important  strategy  in  the  pharmaceutical  industry  even  thoughmore  than  half  fail.  Eli  Lilly  set  out  to  create  a  core  competence  in  the  area  of  strategic  alliancemanagement  that  would  not  only  improve  its  success  rate,  but  also  differentiate  the  firm  fromits  competitors  in  the  industryRead MoreA Case Study Approach for Understanding Supply Chain Orientation in Indian Pharmaceutical Firms6805 Words   |  28 PagesA Case Study Approach for Understanding Supply Chain Orientation in Indian Pharmaceutical Firms TOPIC AREA: OPERATIONS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Authors: Dr. J Shanmugan, Dr. Sajal Kabiraj Email: jshanmugan@skylineuniversity.com, skabiraj@skylineuniversity.com Address: Faculty Block 2, Skyline University College, P.O Box 1797, University City of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE Tel: 06 5441155 Ext 234, 219 A Case Study Approach for Understanding Supply Chain Orientation in Indian Pharmaceutical Firms

Competitive Strategy for Uber Technology - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Uber Technology. Answer: Uber Brief introduction chas been operating its business activities mainly in transportation and also the delivery of food items is done. The business corporation has been providing the services to about more than 632 regions all over the globe and earned an amount of US$6.5 billion as revenue in 2016 financial year. The business entity has established its brand name in the transportation sector without making any kind of huge investments (Uber 2017). And this has developed and secured a monopoly position for the business corporation in the market. The business organization has been moving rapidly towards modernization and mechanization. And as a result, the organization has launched their mobile application which enables the customers to book the taxi and other services offered by the company. The drivers who are connected with Uber are required to have an owned or rented vehicle and also they are also required to have a smartphone which will enable them in tracking rides and customers. This is the main criteria for getting connected with the company and eventually, this has minimized the investment cost of the business corporation (Cannon and Summers, 2014). The corporation has been making the riders to work for part time and this also makes them make reductions in their labor costs. The business corporation has been operating activities in a low competitive market. Uber is keeping the customer's satisfaction on top priority and this keeps them a step ahead of their rivals and attaining the competitive advantage. On the basis of the survey conducted by Jonathan (2015), the business corporation has been operating business activities with an expert team of skillful and trained programmers and well-qualified mathematicians. These teams aids in planning and managing the plans and policies of the corporation Analysis of the data which consists of the details of the drivers and the customers, keeping tracks of the rides and all other details regarding the applications is monitored and operated by the experts (Cohen and Kietzmann, 2014). Updating the policies to some improved and attracting versions which aid the business corporation in attaining and attracting the consumers, for instance, offering discounts coupons and promo-codes for the travelers, guaranteed prices, ease and simplicity in the booking rides and accessing other services. These innovative strategies aid the business organization in attaining a competitive advantage and assist in sustainable developments for a long run. Current standing in market Ubers business model has been developed and made focused on establishing high standards and quality of services and that too at affordable prices. The below mentioned are the major components of the business model which are adopted by Uber: The major requirement for getting connected with the company is having an owned or a rented car. Moreover, the business entity also provides rented car service to the drivers if they are unable to arrange one (Cramer and Krueger, 2016). The company has been managing and balancing coordination between the operations and the services offered so as to provide high scale and distributed transportation platform. The firm also has a web-based portal and mobile application which enables the drivers and the customers to have an access to the rides. This application is easy to run and also provides other details which are related to the company and the services. For instance, easy booking offers if any, calculation of the estimated prices and tracking the rides. Moreover, the customers are also offered with the option of providing feedback and share their experiences during the rides. Amazon.com Brief introduction Amazon.com, Inc. is a well-established and renowned brand name in the sector of e-commerce. The business corporation is a multinational brand and was incorporated by Jeff Bezos in 1994 as an American e-commerce organization. The business corporation is recognized as one of the largest online retailers. The business entity has been marked on top, as presented in the sales and capital statements of the company. US$135.98 billion was the amount which was earned as revenue by Amazon in the financial year of 2016 and 306 was the number of the sold items in one second at the peak times (Amazon 2017). The motive of selecting Amazon for this analysis is that the business entity has been setting milestones which are very tough to be attained by the competition entities and the organization is one of the top online retailers which offers a high level of customer satisfaction. Cloud computing is one of the biggest system use by the business entity. Along with their online retailing services, the organization is not offering the diverse range of online services to its consumers. The other services offered include, Amazon Prime, online movies, online book store, cloud drive and web services. The business corporation keeps on innovating and introducing better and improved products and services (Girotra and Netessine, 2014). These innovations are done on the basis of the feedbacks provided by the customers, which aids Amazon in attaining a higher level of customer satisfaction. On the basis of the survey conducted it has been noted that the recent project of Amazon is Alexa, which is an artificial intelligence mechanism that is easily accessible through mobile and other electronic devices. Current standing in market The business corporation has adopted the business model which has been made focused on attaining growth by the low-cost structure. The below presented are the major components of this model: For attaining the pre-determined goals and objectives the business corporation has focused on developing a lower cost structure in the operational activities and functionalities (Laudon and Traver, 2013). This structure aids Amazon in attaining a high level of growth. The organization has a large chain of warehouses and online operations are the helping factor which assists the organization in maintaining low cost throughout their operations. The low-cost structure adopted by the corporation has been aiding by allowing the corporation in providing their products and services at affordable prices, as compared to its rivals (Foss and Saebi, 2015). Moreover, all kind of online transactions and process have been made very much easy, which aids in achieving customers satisfaction. A high level of customer satisfaction will increase the traffic on Amazons web-portals, eventually increasing their sales. References Amazon, 2017, Amazon, Assessed on 23rd August 2017, https://www.amazon.com/p/feature/rzekmvyjojcp6uc. Cannon, S. and Summers, L.H., 2014. How Uber and the sharing economy can win over regulators.Harvard business review,13(10), pp.24-28. Cohen, B. and Kietzmann, J., 2014. Ride on! Mobility business models for the sharing economy.Organization Environment,27(3), pp.279-296. Cramer, J. and Krueger, A.B., 2016. Disruptive change in the taxi business: The case of Uber.The American Economic Review,106(5), pp.177-182. Foss, N.J. and Saebi, T. eds., 2015.Business model innovation: The organizational dimension. OUP Oxford. Girotra, K. and Netessine, S., 2014.The risk-driven business model: Four questions that will define your company. Harvard Business Press. Laudon, K.C. and Traver, C.G., 2013.E-commerce. Pearson. Uber, 2017, Uber, Assessed on 23rd August 2017, https://www.uber.com/en-IN/our-story/.

nothing Essays - Team Sports, Alexander Cartwright,

There are many myths surrounding the origins of baseball. Many people believe that a young West Point Cadet named Abner Doubleday invented baseball one day in 1839 while in Cooperstown, New York. That is definitely not true. The Doubleday Myth was first created by a panel of "baseball experts" appointed to determine the origins of the game. The Commission based its conclusions on the testimony of one Abner Graves. History proved that Graves may not have been the most credible witness, however. Just a year later, Mr. Graves shot his wife, was declared criminally insane, and spent the rest of his life in a mental institution. Furthermore, when Doubleday died, he left behind thousands of personal letters. None of them mentioned baseball. It's hard to believe that if the man invented the game, he wouldn't have mentioned it at some point during his lifetime. It is now agreed that Abner Doubleday didn't invent baseball. The Doubleday Myth was perpetuated by the businessmen who founded the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936 in Cooperstown. They used the myth to establish a geographic link between the new museum and the origins of the game that it honored. Greedy rats Who Invented Baseball? In reality, baseball evolved out of several different "bat and ball" games such as English Rounders, Cricket, and American Town Ball that had been around for centuries. But there is one man who deserves the credit for establishing the fundamental rules of the sport and for organizing the first baseball game. He is Alexander Cartwright. Cartwright was a member of the New York Knickerbockers, a club of young businessmen who regularly played Town Ball to escape the confines of their office lives and get some exercise after work. In 1845, Cartwright and a committee from his club drew up clear rules designed to convert Town Ball into a more elaborate sport. He called it Base Ball. Cartwright actually wrote down his rules for Base Ball, and many of them are still fundamental parts of the game, including the concepts of: (1) fair and foul territory; (2) three strikes per out; (3) three outs per inning; (4) nine players per side; and (5) ninety feet between bases. He also outlawed the Town Ball practice of "soaking a runner," which allowed a defender to hit a runner with the ball to get him out. Given the speed of a Roger Clemens fastball, that particular change was very good for today's players. The first baseball game played under these new rules took place on June 19, 1846 between Cartwright's Knickerbockers and another squad known as the New York Nine. The teams reviewed the Cartwright Rules before the game, and then began the competition. One difference between the First Baseball Game and the current game is that the teams played until one squad reached 21 runs. There were innings, but they were not limited to nine. The New York Nine slaughtered Cartwright's Knickerbockers 21-1. Cartwright eventually moved to California in 1849 to chase the gold rush. On his journey across the country, he introduced baseball to every town he stayed along the way. He later moved to Hawaii and set up formal baseball leagues, which have been credited as the direct precursors of the Major Leagues. In 1953, Congress officially recognized Cartwright as the inventor of modern baseball. Some baseball scholars now challenge this assertion, but to date, there is no proof of an earlier baseball game or an earlier delineation of the formal rules of the game. Unless and until such evidence is unearthed, it should be accepted that Alexander Cartwright invented baseball. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/When_was_the_first_baseball_game_played#ixzz1IgmoXfNX

P-39 Airacobra - Bell Aircraft - World War II

P-39 Airacobra - Bell Aircraft - World War II P-39Q Airacobra - Specifications General Length: 30 ft. 2 in.Wingspan: 34 ft.Height: 12 ft. 5 in.Wing Area: 213 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 5,347 lbs.Loaded Weight: 7,379 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 8,400 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Maximum Speed: 376 mphCombat Radius: 525 milesRate of Climb: 3,750 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 35,000 ft.Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Allison V-1710-85 liquid-cooled V-12, 1,200 hp Armament 1 x 37 mm M4 cannon2 x .50 cal. machine guns4 x .30 cal machine gunsup to 500 lbs. of bombs Design Development In early 1937, Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey, the US Army Air Corps Project Officer for Fighters, began to express his frustration over the services armament limitations for pursuit aircraft. Joining with Captain Gordon Saville, a fighter tactics instructor at the Air Corps Tactical School, the two men wrote two circular proposals for a pair of new interceptors which would possess a heavier armament that would allow American aircraft to dominate aerial battles. The first, X-608, called for a twin-engine fighter and would ultimately lead to the development of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. The second, X-609, requested designs for a single-engine fighter capable of dealing with enemy aircraft at high altitude. Also included in X-609 was a requirement for a turbo-supercharged, liquid-cooled Allison engine as well as a level speed of 360 mph and an ability to reach 20,000 feet within six minutes. Responding to X-609, Bell Aircraft began work on a new fighter that was designed around the Oldsmobile T9 37mm cannon. To accommodate this weapon system, which was intended to fire through the propeller hub, Bell employed the unorthodox approach of mounting the aircrafts engine in the fuselage behind the pilot. This turned a shaft beneath the pilots feet which in turn powered the propeller. Due to this arrangement, the cockpit sat higher which gave the pilot an excellent field of view. It also allowed for a more streamlined design which Bell hoped would aid in achieving the required speed. In another difference from its contemporaries, pilots entered the new aircraft through side doors that were similar to those employed on automobiles rather than sliding canopy. To supplement the T9 cannon, Bell mounted twin .50 cal. machine guns in the aircrafts nose. Later models would also incorporate two to four .30 cal. machine guns mounted in the wings. A Fateful Choice First flying on April 6, 1939, with test pilot James Taylor at the controls, the XP-39 proved disappointing as its performance at altitude failed to meet the specifications set forth in Bells proposal. Attached to the design, Kelsey had hoped to guide the XP-39 through the development process but was thwarted when he received orders that sent him abroad. In June, Major General Henry Hap Arnold directed that the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics conduct wind tunnel tests on the design in an effort to improve performance. Following this testing, NACA recommended that the turbo-supercharger, which was cooled with scoop on the left side of the fuselage, be enclosed within the aircraft. Such a change would improve the XP-39s speed by 16 percent. Examining the design, Bells team was unable to find space within the XP-39s small fuselage for the turbo-supercharger. In August 1939, Larry Bell met with the USAAC and NACA to discuss the issue. At the meeting, Bell argued in favor of eliminating the turbo-supercharger altogether. This approach, much to Kelseys later dismay, was adopted and subsequent prototypes of the aircraft moved forward utilizing only a single-stage, single-speed supercharger. While this alteration provided the desired performance improvements at low altitude, the elimination of the turbo effectively made the type useless as a front-line fighter at heights above 12,000 feet. Unfortunately, the drop-off in performance at medium and high altitude was not immediately noticed and the USAAC ordered 80 P-39s in August 1939. Early Problems Initially introduced as the P-45 Airacobra, the type was soon re-designated P-39C. The initial twenty aircraft were built without armor or self-sealing fuel tanks. As World War II had begun in Europe, the USAAC began to assess combat conditions and realized that these were needed to ensure survivability. As a result, the remaining 60 aircraft of the order, designated P-39D, were built with armor, self-sealing tanks, and an enhanced armament. This added weight further hampered the aircrafts performance. In September 1940, the British Direct Purchase Commission ordered 675 of the aircraft under the name Bell Model 14 Caribou. This order was placed based on the performance of the unarmored and unarmed XP-39 prototype. Receiving their first aircraft in September 1941, the Royal Air Force soon found the production P-39 to be inferior to variants of the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. In the Pacific As a result, the P-39 flew one combat mission with the British before the RAF shipped 200 aircraft to the Soviet Union for use with the Red Air Force. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the US Army Air Forces purchased 200 P-39s from the British order for use in the Pacific. First engaging Japanese in April 1942 over New Guinea, the P-39 saw extensive use throughout the Southwest Pacific and flew with American and Australian forces. The Airacobra also served in the Cactus Air Force which operated from Henderson Field during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Engaging at lower altitudes, the P-39, with its heavy armament, frequently proved a tough opponent for the famed Mitsubishi A6M Zero. Also used in the Aleutians, pilots found that the P-39 had a variety of handling problems including a tendency to enter a flat spin. This often was the result of the aircrafts center of gravity shifting as ammunition was expended. As distances in the Pacific war increased, the sh ort-range P-39 was withdrawn in favor of increasing numbers of P-38s. In the Pacific Though found unsuitable for use in Western Europe by the RAF, the P-39 saw service in North Africa and the Mediterranean with the USAAF in 1943 and early 1944. Among those to briefly fly the type was the famed 99th Fighter Squadron (Tuskegee Airmen) who had transitioned from the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk. Flying in support of Allied forces during the Battle of Anzio and maritime patrols, P-39 units found the type to be particularly effective at strafing. By early 1944, most American units transitioned to the newer Republic P-47 Thunderbolt or North American P-51 Mustang. The P-39 was also employed with the Free French and Italian Co-Belligerent Air Forces. While the former was less than pleased with the type, the latter effectively employed the P-39 as a ground-attack aircraft in Albania. Soviet Union Exiled by the RAF and disliked by the USAAF, the P-39 found its home flying for the Soviet Union. Employed by that nations tactical air arm, the P-39 was able to play to its strengths as most of its combat occurred at lower altitudes. In that arena, it proved capable against German fighters such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190. In addition, its heavy armament allowed it to make quick work of Junkers Ju 87 Stukas and other German bombers. A total of 4,719 P-39s were sent to the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease Program. These were transported to the front via the Alaska-Siberia ferry route. During the course of the war, five of the top ten Soviet aces scored the majority of their kills in the P-39. Of those P-39s flown by the Soviets, 1,030 were lost in combat. The P-39 remained in use with the Soviets until 1949. Selected Sources Military Factory: P-39 AiracobraNational Museum of the US Air Force: P-39 AiracobraAce Pilots: P-39 Airacobra

Reflective journal Mo4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective journal Mo4 - Essay Example Sometimes, however, we just don’t want to be blamed for what might be a wrong decision, so it is easier to share the blame with others in a group decision. After all, if several of us agreed to the decision, then maybe the mistake was not that obvious, and therefore I, as one of the decision makers, won’t look too ridiculous for making it. But there are decisions, I know, that I alone could make: what career to take, whom to marry, where to work, what would make me happy. If I were a manager, then there would be decisions the company would expect me to make personally, due to shortness of time or lack of resources. There may be consultants, or techniques such as the SWOT, which could help me to decide by clarifying issues and gaining a balanced perspective on the problem. However, I will have to find the courage to make the decision by myself, with due care, but in due time. In the end, if we aspire to be managers – of businesses, projects, people, even of our own lives – then we must face the task of decision-making with confidence and competence. We must develop the skill of sound and rational deliberation based on the information and time available. There will always be a risk of being wrong, but being wrong is better than being